Causal inference involves determining whether a treatment (e.g., an education program) causes a change in outcomes (e.g., academic achievement). It is well-known that causal effects are more challenging to estimate than associations. Over the past 50 years, the potential outcomes framework has become one of the most widely used approaches for…

Mathematics educators and researchers have advocated for the use of manipulatives to teach mathematics for decades. The purpose of this article is to provide illustrative uses of a readily available manipulative rather than a complete list. From an Australian perspective, Pop-it fidget toys can be used across the mathematics curriculum. This paper…

Quartiles are usually introduced early, often in primary school together with box-and-whisker plots. Various methods are used, and in lack of explanation in many textbooks at elementary level, this leads to unnecessary confusion. We discuss some elementary methods that are consistent with the most common definition and are also easy to understand.

The three purposes of this study were to (a) describe fraction ordering errors among at-risk fourth grade students, (b) assess the effect of part-whole understanding and accuracy of fraction magnitude estimation on the probability of committing errors, and (c) examine the effect of students' ability to explain comparing problems on the probability…

Concepts in probability can be more readily understood if students are first exposed to probability via experiment. Performing probability experiments encourages students to develop understandings of probability grounded in real events, as opposed to merely computing answers based on formulae.

Using differentiated instruction in the classroom can be a challenge, especially when teaching mathematics. This book cuts through the difficulties with two powerful and universal strategies that teachers can use across all math content: Open Questions and Parallel Tasks. Specific strategies and examples for grades Kindergarten - 8 are organized…

Every student should understand and use all concepts and skills from the previous grade levels. The standard is designed so that new learning builds on preceding skills. Communications, Problem-solving, Reasoning & Proof, Connections, and Representation are the process standards that are embedded throughout the teaching and learning of all…

Every student should understand and use all concepts and skills from the previous grade levels. The standard is designed so that new learning builds on preceding skills. Communications, Problem-solving, Reasoning & Proof, Connections, and Representation are the process standards that are embedded throughout the teaching and learning of all…

"Capture" is a game that requires players to perform several computations on each turn and to choose an optimal move, thus promoting higher-order thinking and probability notions. Rules are given, playing is described, and extension activities are noted. (MNS)

Activities involving spinners and dice are presented. Making the materials is noted, followed by activities on counting, computation, probability, fractions, and other ideas. (MNS)

The authors propose a strategy for studying the effects of time-varying instructional treatments on repeatedly observed student achievement. This approach responds to three challenges: (a) The yearly reallocation of students to classrooms and teachers creates a complex structure of dependence among responses; (b) a child's learning outcome under a…

This document suggests sources from children's literature useful in teaching a variety of mathematical concepts. The mathematical concepts discussed are: (1) numbers and numeration; (2) place value; (3) shapes; (4) addition and subtraction; (5) multiplication and division; (6) telling time; (7) probability, estimation and prediction; (8) fractions…

Reviews following computer materials: Coordinate Math; How the West Was One + Three x Four; Math Facts Lottery, Basic Skills Game; Math Tutor, Division; Now You See It, Now You Don't; Pinball Math, Basic Skills Game; Place Value-Add/Subtract; Quarter Mile; Regrouping; Sailing through Story Problems; Scope Math, Computer Mathematics Course for…

This material was produced by a task force of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics to provide independent study projects for use in grades four through six. The major goals are as follows: (1) to encourage student research, investigation, and communication of mathematics through reporting and writing; (2) to provide activities that are…

This handbook is intended to contribute to the development of a theory of remedial instruction that can be easily understood and assimilated by teachers. The document evolved from research and workshop activity over a period of several years. It is designed for use by those with instructional or supervisory reponsibilities in elementary schools,…