Different methods of subtracting are described; the equal additions and the decomposition methods are discussed in detail. (DT)

A modified method of regrouping the minuend for subtraction is described. This more flexible method decreases the number of steps in the subtraction process and in checking the regrouping. (SD)

Answers and examples are given to sixteen questions related to traditional ways of performing the operations of arithmetic. (MP)

Four algorithms for subtraction are described: borrow and pay back,'' equal additiions, shopkeepers' subtraction,'' and decomposition. (DT)

The author taught one group using the traditional subtraction algorithm and one using an equal additions algorithm. Students in the latter group showed greater success than the former. (SD)

The purpose of this study was to find out what difficulties Nicaraguan children encounter in doing addition and subtraction exercises. The results were used in the design of radio lessons in mathematics for elementary school. The performance on addition exercises is analyzed with a view toward identifying the distinct skills that are required by…

A current method of teaching long division using repeated subtraction is analyzed as being an example of a sound mathematical method that falls into disrepute when it results in unnecessary, length calculations. (MP)

This article explains the generation of Kaprekar's constant in terms that upper elementary pupils can understand. The procedure is explained and the result proven. This is an example of a new, interesting problem for students that gives them drill in subtraction at the same time. (LS)

An outline of the way that fractions might be presented in ninth grade algebra is given, and implications for elementary school instruction are noted. (DT)