Artificial intelligence research on creative design has led to Structure-Behavior-Function (SBF) models that emphasize functions as abstractions for organizing understanding of physical systems. Empirical studies on understanding complex systems suggest that novice understanding is shallow, typically focusing on their visible structures and…

Representations such as drawings, graphs, and computer simulations, are central to learning and doing science. Furthermore, ongoing success in science learning requires students to build on the representations and associated practices that they are presumed to have learned throughout their schooling career. Without these practices, students have…

This document presents a systematic approach to diagnostic pretesting that can be used for any media of instructional technology, but that is especially useful in film and television production. This approach represents a rational basis for decisionmaking since feedback control is applied during the developmental and production stages. The…