Recently, several systems bearing the label "instructional management systems" have been developed and reported. An analysis of such systems, however, reveals that most are limited to test-scoring and reporting functions and might best be considered instructional monitoring systems. State-of-the-art computer and educational technology is…

Beginning in the 1960s the interactive capabilities of computers were recognized as providing unprecedented opportunities for the development of computerized career guidance systems. Such systems offered individualized assistance in career decision making to large numbers of people at low cost. Recognizing that each user may present a unique…

The system approach to planning and managing educational change features the use of an adaptive framework and a strategy for planned system change. The approach focuses management attention upon (1) relevant future states of expectations or goals, (2) present and future state variables and contexts, (3) human organization factors, and (4)…