Since computers are already involved in everyday activities and have increased in importance for problem-solving at home and at work, justification exists for universal computer literacy. Ethical considerations regarding production and consumption of computer services are being raised. (JN)

Computers have affected higher education in several ways. The content of instruction has changed to include learning about computers and problem solving with computers. The impact of computers on the method of instruction has been less significant. (JN)

Computer-managed instruction (CMI) refers to the management of information relating to the instruction of individuals and the delivery of information to instructors, administrators, and students. A meta-model for the possible use in the design of a CMI system and a framework for analysis and planning are described. (JN)

Micro theory can be used to reveal aspects of individualization that should be controlled in computer-assisted instruction (CAI) curriculum. Global theory is useful in evaluating educational projects as long as the individuals involved are similar in characteristics. (JN)

The most common functions of computer-assisted testing are item-banking, in which test items are collected and stored; test-construction, specifying item attributes and determining information required for identification of the test; and test scoring. (JN)

An authoring system obviates the need for programing in the development of computer-assisted instructional materials. Options for a variety of educational strategies are preprogramed, allowing the developer to concentrate on curricular concerns rather than software considerations. (RJG)

Computer-managed instruction (CMI) has potential for helping solve research and instructional management problems. Computer-managed individualized instruction involves the scoring of diagnostic tests, generation of study prescriptions, and record keeping. (JN)

Computers can effectively present many forms of instructional material. Computers can also facilitate response-judging; provide feedback; store, index, and retrieve collections of information pertaining to instruction; and assist teachers with many administrative functions. (JN)

In the future, computers will be needed to sift through the vast proliferation of available information. Among new developments in computer technology are the videodisc microcomputers and holography. Predictions for future developments include laser libraries for the visually handicapped and Computer Assisted Dialogue. (JN)