The methodology, assumptions, and values viewed here are emergent factors that can provide the framework for a thriving new discipline. That the limits of the rational-man theory are beginning to be recognized is evidenced by considerable methodological flexibility and increased interests in personal, self-actualizing aspects of organizations.…

The purpose of this report is to provide a common framework within which Ohio's public institutions of higher education can perform their existing planning, programming, and budgeting functions. The purposes, organization, and outputs of higher education are discussed in the first 3 sections. Purposes include: instructional objectives, research,…

Academic planning in higher education is strongly influenced by business management theories and practices. The author questions the usefulness of this approach because the nature of higher education differs from the nature of a profit-making business. However, rational planning to achieve efficiency is relevant if efficiency is not confined to…

This paper considers the problem of planning in higher education from several different points of view. First, educational planning as it relates to problems at the national level is discussed. This includes the question of a national educational policy, projections of the demand for higher education, the financing of higher education, politics…

This paper focuses on the concerns associated with the use of systems analysis in higher education. One fear is that systems analysis will increase the need for centralized authority and highly structured activity, thus contributing to further alienation and dehumanization. A second objection pertains to the increased requirement for specifying…

This report describes the major projects undertaken by the Institute for Policy Analysis of the University of Toronto. It includes a list of the publications that are now available and those that will become available during the next few months. The projects are: (1) Program Planning and Budgeting in Universities; (2) Planning and Financing Higher…

This volume consists of papers presented at a meeting of scientific and technical personnel who examined and evaluated applications of systems analysis and operational research, and who related techniques to practical educational planning. Topics represent a variety of new management techniques available to educational administrators including…

Current school district organization fails to provide the environment necessary to develop and use analytical techniques in educational planning. Current organization often acts as a barrier to the acceptance of the results of analysis. A program-oriented management system enhances the environment for systems analysis and promotes both the…

This volume presents background information on the project and explains the needs and decisions that actuated its implementation. First year activities and some preliminary teaching material on the concept of PPB (planning-programing- budgeting) in education are also described. The major focus is on a description of the proposed system, a…

Any general systems approach has five basic elements, which serve as the tasks for the researcher using systems analysis. The five are (1) the objectives, (2) the alternatives, (3) the costs, (4) the model (or models), and (5) the decision rule. With these five steps, the researcher should be able to specify the objectives, select alternatives,…

A program structure relates objectives and activities by identifying and measuring objectives (including all activities) and by allowing for growth. The process of program structuring categorizes the activities of education into programs according to their contribution to meeting education objectives and provides a format for the program budget.…

Evaluating alternatives provides both the reason for and the technique of program budgeting for educational planning. The activities demanded by the program budgeting system allow systematic choosing of a preferred course of action. Within this system, alternatives are considered in the context of all other programs. This document presents…

This is a report of a five-day training session on systems research for counselors, counselor educators, and supervisors. The training session was an advanced program dealing with the use of systems research for planning and evaluating counseling, counselor education, supervision and related programs. The primary aims of the program were to: (1)…