This article describes a pedagogical initiative that identifies opportunities for increased efficiency and functionality in the teaching and learning of Spanish in the context of the United States. At the core of this initiative is the reformulation of curricular and programmatic approaches in terms of current social, cultural, and linguistic…

One school district's experience with PPBS demonstrates that it can be an effective instrument for realistic involvement of the instructional staff in the development of system goals, objectives, and spending priorities. (Author)

Summary of report on study entitled PLANNING FOR EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN A PLANNING, PROGRAMMING AND BUDGETING STSTEM," by Selma Mushkin (Education Commission of the States Steering Committee meeting, December, 1968).

This monograph defines program evaluation as the process of placing a value on a program, with the two major benefits of evaluation being those of expanding the base for decisionmaking, and the providing of information to motivate the individual, or unit, to improve performance. Most importantly, program evaluation is needed to determine if a…

The zero-based budgeting approach is designed to achieve the greatest benefit with the fewest undesirable consequences. Seven basic steps make up the zero-based decision-making process: (1) identifying program goals, (2) classifying goals, (3) identifying resources, (4) reviewing consequences, (5) developing decision packages, (6) implementing a…

The most critical activity in the planning-programing-budgeting system is the specification and employment of goals and objectives. Program goals are the desired outcomes of a program, but program objectives are the changes in, or the creation of, program elements in a specified way to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of a program. Since…

This paper describes an effort to implement a cost-effectiveness program using systems analysis in an elementary school district, the Rio Linda Union School District in California. The systems design cycle employed has three phases, policy-making evaluation, and action-implementation. During the first phase, the general philosophy or mission of…

It is essential that those who aspire to lead nontraditional programs have a realistic grasp of the political expertise such leadership requires. Leaders of nontraditional programs have five special concerns: securing licensure, reassuring constituencies, marketing, guaranteeing program continuation, and mastering the art of compromise. (MLW)

This paper suggests that while evaluation means different things to different people, the focus is characteristically on what has been, or is being done. It is proposed that evaluation also be applied to things not yet done; that evaluation has a significant and continuous role in planning any educational program. Evaluation is seen as…

These 12 papers were presented at plenary sessions of the conference. They are arranged by substance into (1) social research and public policy, (2) the need to plan: unlimited social objectives and scarce resources, (3) institutional responses to pressures for planning, (4) contemporary approaches to planning in education, and (5) social…

Focuses on program evaluation of vocational education from four different starting points (context, input, process, and product evaluation) and the purposes to which each is directed. (Editor/TA)

Examines a specific program termination (in social work) to determine how universities interpret and apply the goals of their strategic plans. Finds that institutional actors hold different perceptions of the strategic plan goals and their relevance to the terminated program. Suggests that colleges and universities need to clarify strategic plan…

BASIC ELEMENTS INVOLVED IN ANALYSIS BY RATIONAL RESOURCE ALLOCATION ARE APPLIED TO VOCATIONAL EDUCATION. TO IMPROVE THE EFFICIENCY OF USE OF ALLOCATED RESOURCES, THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN APPLICATION OF RESOURCES TO A PARTICULAR PROGRAM AND ATTAINMENT OF OBJECTIVES CAN BE DETERMINED BY BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS, THE RATIO OF THE PRESENT VALUE OF…