Discusses the growing sense of grievance among younger working-class and middle-class White males most affected by affirmative action preferences. Suggests that measures intended to ensure equal opportunity and proportional representation for minority groups may be contributing to racial polarization on college campuses, in workplaces, and in…

It can hardly be said that there have been any dramatic results of affirmative action affecting the situation of minorities and women in higher education institutions. The pervasive institutional attitude toward affirmative action ranges from neutral to negative, and is the major barrier to ending discrimination. Other barriers are preemployment…

Decisions in both the Bakke and Manhart cases reflect a refusal to permit membership in a group to be the basis for the exclusion or inclusion of an individual in certain places. Problems surrounding the concept of equal opportunity and equal benefits for individuals are discussed in their historical, social, and legal contexts. (SF)