Background/purpose: Social Studies education holds a strategic role in fostering social, cultural, and religious values that are contextually aligned with societal challenges. In Semarang City, vulnerable communities face a dual threat of recurrent flooding and socio-economic disparities, which hinder educational processes and sustainable…

Given increasing political and financial commitments to wildfire preparedness, risk policy demands that risk identification, assessment, and mitigation activities are balanced among diverse resident groups. Essential for this is the understanding of residents' perceptions of wildfire risks. This study compares wildfire-risk perceptions of…