Teachers' sense-making of student behavior determines whether students get in trouble and are formally disciplined. Status categories, such as race, can influence perceptions of student culpability, but the degree to which teachers' initial identification of student misbehavior exacerbates racial disproportionality in discipline receipt is…

This report contains the appendices for the report "'How Are the Children?' A Study of the Effectiveness of a Social-Emotional Learning Curriculum for High School Students: A Report of a Randomized Experiment Conducted in the Rock Island Milan School District." The report presents findings from a one-year teacher-level randomized control…

This study evaluates the first year of implementation of How Are the Children (HATC), a project-based social-emotional learning (SEL) curriculum designed to enhance high school student's social-emotional (SE) development. Through documentary filmmaking and lessons based on SE competencies, HATC aims to provide SEL support that amplifies authentic…

Minnesota's postsecondary institutions strive to provide students a safe environment to complete educational and career goals. The Sexual Violence Prevention and Response program at the Minnesota Office of Higher Education currently supports 77 institutions across the state in sexual violence prevention and response initiatives at the campus level…

Annually, the New Jersey Department of Education (NJDOE) collects, analyzes, and reports to the Governor and Legislature on disciplinary infractions and their consequences, as reported by school districts, to meet the requirements of the Public School Safety Law, N.J.S.A. 18A:17-46 through 48. This report includes statewide information on…

This brief summarizes data from the 2021-22 collection of the Civil Rights Data Collection (CRDC)--released in early 2025--for information on access and opportunities for students with disabilities. It marks the sixth time CLE has analyzed data from the CRDC, the primary benchmark of America's ongoing work to build an education system that serves…

Four-day school weeks have proliferated across the United States in recent years, reaching over 650 public school districts in 24 states as of 2019, but little is known about their implementation and there is no consensus on their effects on students. This study uses district level panel data from Oklahoma and a difference-in-differences research…

The School Survey on Crime and Safety (SSOCS), a nationally representative survey of U.S. K-12 public schools, is managed by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) within the U.S. Department of Education's Institute of Education Sciences. SSOCS collects detailed information from public schools on the incidence, frequency, seriousness,…

The Civil Rights Data Collection (CRDC) is a mandatory survey of all public schools and school districts in the 50 states, Washington, D.C., and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. This Data Snapshot provides the reports of school districts about sexual violence and harassment or bullying on the basis of sex or sexual orientation for the 2020-21…

This Campbell systematic review examines the impact of interventions to reduce exclusion from school. School exclusion, also known as suspension in some countries, is a disciplinary sanction imposed by a responsible school authority, in reaction to students' misbehaviour. Exclusion entails the removal of pupils from regular teaching for a period…

Annually, the Department of Education (Department) collects data from school districts across the state on disciplinary infractions and their consequences. These data are analyzed in a state-level report developed by the Department for the Governor and the Legislature to fulfill the requirements of the "Public School Safety Law N.J.S.A."…

We investigate the beginning of the school discipline pipeline using a reform in Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools that limited the use of out-of-school suspension for students in grades K-2. We find that the reform reduced the likelihood of out-of-school suspension by 1.4 percentage points (56%) and had precise null effects on test scores and…

This document is the first of a semi-annual "stocktaking" publication to analyze various political trends impacting education and young people. Bellwether hopes to help the field separate signal from noise and provide context around various issues and trends affecting the sector. The impact of COVID-19 school closures on schools and…

The "Effect of Discipline Reform Plans on Exclusionary Discipline Outcomes in Minnesota" study examined the use of exclusionary discipline practices by Minnesota local education agencies from 2014/15 through 2018/19 and the extent to which the creation of discipline reform plans by identified local education agencies was associated with…

One of the Colorado Department of Education's (CDE) five strategic plan goals is that "Students graduate high school with knowledge, skills and experience needed for college and career success." Students who attain this goal have the potential for better life outcomes and have choices as they graduate high school. This report provides an…