Background: Cognitive load theory is widely used in educational research and instructional design, which relies heavily on conceptual constructs and measurement instruments of cognitive load. Due to its implicit nature, cognitive load is usually measured by other related instruments, such as commonly-used self-report scales of mental effort or…

Background: Theoretical frameworks excel in conceptualising reading literacy, yet their value hinges on their applicability for real-world purposes, such as assessment. By combining diverse theoretical frameworks, the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2018 designed an assessment framework for assessing the reading literacy of…

In the boxplot, the box always represents -- regardless of its area -- the middle half of the data and thus a measure of variability (interquartile range). However, when students first learn about boxplots, they are usual already familiar with other forms of statistical representations (e.g., bar or circle graphs) in which a larger area represents…

Every student comes to science class with unique skills and problem-solving abilities; unfortunately, there is limited research on how to differentiate instruction so that equitable progress can be made for every learner. We used a novel pedagogical approach to differentiate for a wide range of problem-solving abilities when students were learning…

Mathematics textbooks play an important role in providing learning opportunities for students, and connections have been emphasized in the curriculum reforms of many countries. However, few studies have conducted comparative research on mathematics textbooks from the perspective of connections, particularly with respect to the difficulty of the…

The main purpose of this research is to examine the informal strategies of fifth and sixth grade students while solving inverse proportional word problems. Multiple case study was used in this study. The research was carried out in a public middle school from a southern city of Türkiye. The participants of the research consist of three fifth and…

Equating is a statistical procedure used to adjust for the difference in form difficulty such that scores on those forms can be used and interpreted comparably. In practice, however, equating methods are often implemented without considering the extent to which two forms differ in difficulty. The study aims to examine the effect of the magnitude…

Coordinating meaning across sentences is crucial to reading comprehension, because sentences can take on quite different meanings depending on the surrounding context. The same need applies in a far more complex way when reading textbooks. Writers organize the material hierarchically, so readers often need to connect what they're reading now to…

This paper focuses on the difficulties encountered by Italian students in performing geometry tasks. A quantitative analysis, aimed at understanding the extent of the phenomenon, is carried out using the results of district competitions from the year 2018 to 2020, comparing the scores obtained in geometry questions with those in other areas of…

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the duration of students' augmented reality (AR) experience on reading comprehension and cognitive load in reading activities carried out with an augmented reality storybook. The participants are 134 secondary school students aged between 11 and 12 attending a school in Antalya. They were…

This study is a contribution to efforts to promote practices for dealing with the difficulties encountered by learners in probabilistic modeling situations. We attempt to elucidate as precisely as possible the types of difficulties that secondary school students face in the process of modeling with probability tools. By referring to a large and…

When justifying a mathematical statement, textbooks often interweave several instances of justification, creating, what we term, "paths of justification." This study aims to characterize the paths of justification of mathematical statements that are offered in eight 7th grade Israeli mathematics textbooks. The study attended to context…

Background: Various findings regarding the relationship between math anxiety and engagement have been identified in the literature, with many focusing on general math anxiety and overall math engagement. Objectives: Based on the control-value theory, this study examined the relationships between trait- and state-math anxiety and behavioural and…

This paper examined the ability of students to pose a problem in a free posing situation about sets in terms of the problem text, compatibility with mathematics principles, the problem type and structure, solvability, and mathematical complexity. Additionally, students were probed to determine the difficulties they encountered during the problem…

This study evaluated the effect of using AR technology to develop environmental literacy (RQ1), motivation (RQ2), and perceived cognitive load (RQ3) among high school students. The sample of participants in this study included 155 10th -grade students in general education. They took a semester-long Natural Resource Ecology course. The participants…