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Woodcock, Stuart; Howard, Steven J.; Ehrich, John – School Psychology, 2020
Standardized testing is ubiquitous in educational assessment, but questions have been raised about the extent to which these test scores accurately reflect students' genuine knowledge and skills. To more rigorously investigate this issue, the current study employed a within-subject experimental design to examine item format effects on primary…
Descriptors: Elementary School Students, Grade 3, Test Items, Test Format