Three-dimensional (3D) design can improve students' spatial ability, but the research on the differences of spatial ability development after 3D design training for students with different initial spatial ability is not unified. The ability-as-enhancer hypothesis and the ability-as-compensator hypothesis explain the performance differences of…

Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and 3D printing are not new technologies but are technologies which, in recent years, have become more accessible to hobbyists and enthusiasts. Engaging with these technologies allows the user to investigate and manipulate virtual and physical 3D shapes, which may affect spatial awareness. The literature suggests that…

In the context of a 10-day summer camp makerspace experience that employed design-based learning (DBL) strategies, the purpose of this descriptive case study was to better understand the ways in which children use visualization skills to negotiate design as they move back and forth between the world of nondigital design techniques (i.e., drawing,…