The report provides a social and historical perspective on how Finland's education system was built and emerged as a high performer in Europe by 2000. In highlighting Finland's strengths, the authors focus on: (1) Finland's long-standing commitment to supporting all of its students as the driver of strong outcomes; (2 the systems's emphasis on…

The history of education in France, with its inherited link between the Republic and the religion of knowledge, produces a specific form of educational functioning, consubstantial to a tradition of selection and a symptomatic lack of what elsewhere is called a curriculum. While the recent introduction of the "common grounding of knowledge and…

Draws on a theory of education for a Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) framework based on the structure of general education in modern educational systems. Shows that pedagogical research on school and instruction is formed by the relationship of instruction, didactics, curricular development, and achievement control. (CAJ)