We investigated the benefits of two ways to use flashcards to perform retrieval practice: alone versus with a partner. In three experiments, undergraduate students learned word-definition pairs using flashcards alone (Individual condition) or with another student (Paired condition). Participants then made global judgments of learning (gJOLs;…

To be able to collaborate effectively and efficiently has been described as a complex and crucial twenty-first century skill. During collaboration, however, a variety of problems may emerge that require groups to engage in effective regulation processes, which is a complex task in itself. Up to now, little is known about (a) what types of…