The synthesis of stage fright research by Clevenger (1959) has been widely accepted and used by writers in the speech field. Since 1959, additional research has appeared which warrants an updating of Clevenger's synthesis. Such a followup synthesis is the purpose of this paper. It assumes familiarity with the first article. Measuring stage fright…

Uses questionnaire data to examine the relationship between perceived gender interaction in the classroom and course confidence for undergraduate science, mathematics, and technology majors. Compared with male majors, female majors reported significantly lower course confidence, recognition by and respect from instructors, respect for female…

In an experiment to test whether gender differences in self-evaluation biases exist, 264 female and 174 male students were used. Participants were placed in mixed-sex groups, ranging from 2-10 people. Test anonymity and non-competitiveness were emphasized to minimize self-presentation concerns. Three different measures of accuracy/bias were…

Young adults and older adults participated in a weight discrimination study to decide if two weights lifted successively were the same or different and to rate the decision confidence of responses. Younger adults discriminated between weights better than older adults and men discriminated better than women. (Author/CC)

The effects of incentive conditions on the results of a confidence test were investigated. Two hundred thirty high school subjects were administered a very difficult confidence scored test under two conditions: 1) that the test would count heavily on their grades (incentive condition) and 2) that the test was for research purposes and would not be…

Gender differences in item-specific confidence judgments were studied for 70 male and 181 female college students. Gender differences in confidence were dependent on context and the domain being tested. Both men and women were overconfident, but men were especially overconfident when incorrect. (SLD)

Autonomous Learning Behavior (ALB) as mediators between internal and external influences and performance on high level cognitive tasks was proposed as a possible explanation for gender-related differences in mathematics. This study developed a measure of ALB by drawing on teachers' working knowledge and the literature on problem-solving, including…

Although gender differences are fairly consistent when men and women report their general confidence, much less is known about the existence of such differences when subjects are asked to assess the degree of confidence they have in their ability to answer any particular test or exam question. The objective of this research was to investigate…

This paper examines confidence testing, and reasons for using confidence tests. Different scoring systems are studied in order to clarify the meaning of significance of the weights which subjects assign to confidence scored tests. (DLG)

Conditions under which confidence estimation facilitates problem solving were examined in a study assessing spelling, mathematics, and reasoning. Participants who used a confidence estimation procedure and whose teacher valued and nurtured warranted uncertainty performed better on spelling and improved more than did other participants. (Author/RD)

Technical improvements, which may be made in the reliability and validity of tests through confidence scores, are discussed. However, studies indicate that subjects do not handle their confidence uniformly. (MS)