Background: Despite the recognised potential of Virtual Reality (VR) in education, the role of VR in enhancing presentation skills remains uncertain. Mixed findings, coupled with low adoption rates in educational settings, highlight the need to investigate how current VR applications are designed to facilitate effective learning outcomes for…

Background: Augmented reality (AR) emerges as a technology with considerable promise and substantial potential for pedagogical integration within language education contexts. However, there remains a scarcity of review studies exploring the best practices and principles for oral communication facilitation based on robust theoretical models or…

Background: Given the advancement of mobile and sensing technology, the incorporation of augmented reality (AR) in context-aware ubiquitous learning (CAUL) has offered significant benefits to oral communication development in foreign language learning. Although a great number of studies have been dedicated in this field, only a little research was…