The use of non-face-to-face services and kiosks has expanded due to the development of information and communication technology and accelerated during the COVID-19 pandemic. In South Korea, the use of self-service kiosks has grown to about four times pre-pandemic levels. Therefore, it is pivotal for students with intellectual and developmental…

The Full Scale Intelligence Quotient on tests such as the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) provides a single score which describes a person's over-all performance in relation to other people of similar age. However, two people with identical Full Scale scores may have quite different profiles of strengths and weaknesses.…

Procedures recommended in the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (Third Edition) (WISC-III) manual for factorial estimation may be replaced by new methods using the computer and a spreadsheet program. Constants and formulas needed to draft a spreadsheet program for estimating the factors using WISC-III scaled scores are presented. (SLD)