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Peer reviewedKoshmider, John W.; Ashcraft, Mark H. – Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 1991
In one experiment, subjects from third grade through college relied on memory retrieval rather than on counting to solve multiplication problems. An effect of confusing problems on error rates and reaction times indicated the activation of related information. In a second experiment, subjects demonstrated automaticity of fact retrieval on simple…
Descriptors: Cognitive Development, College Students, Computation, Elementary School Students
Peer reviewedJensen, Arthur R.; Whang, Patricia A. – Contemporary Educational Psychology, 1994
Results of a comparison of 73 Anglo American and 155 Chinese American (CA) fourth through sixth graders on an intelligence test and measures of the speed and consistency of retrieval of arithmetic facts from long-term memory are consistent with the hypothesis that accessing elementary arithmetic knowledge is more completely automatized in CA…
Descriptors: Addition, Anglo Americans, Arithmetic, Chinese Americans
