Researchers have been investigating the effects of different planning conditions on learners' second language (L2) writing performance. However, whether such effects differ regarding specific planning conditions and task complexity has remained underexplored. This study examined the effects of pre-task planning (PTP) versus unpressured online…

This study examines the correlation existing between students speaking competency and their interaction with multimedia devices in the classroom learning process. A mixed-method study design has been employed to explore the impact of an interactive multimedia environment on their presentation and speaking skills. Initially, 46 Arabic-speaking…