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MacKenzie, Michael J.; Nicklas, Eric; Waldfogel, Jane; Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne – Infant and Child Development, 2012
This study examined the prevalence and determinants of spanking of children at 3?years of age and the associations between spanking and externalizing behaviour and receptive verbal ability at age 5?years. Overall, we find maternal spanking rates of 55.2% and paternal rates of 43.2% at age 3?years. Mothers facing greater stress and those who…
Descriptors: Punishment, Mothers, Fathers, Preschool Children
Spere, Katherine A.; Schmidt, Louis A.; Theall-Honey, Laura A.; Martin-Chang, Sandra – Infant and Child Development, 2004
Although shy children speak less in social situations, the extent to which their language skills fall behind those of their more outgoing peers remains unclear. We selected 22 temperamentally shy and 22 non-shy children from a larger group of 400 4-year-old children who were prescreened for temperamental shyness by maternal report, using the…
Descriptors: Receptive Language, Language Skills, Expressive Language, Shyness

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