The confluence of technology convergence, market forces, and student demand for greater access is reshaping higher education institutions. Indeed, the convergence of technological innovations in hardware, software, and telecommunications, combined with the ubiquity of learning management systems, is reconfiguring and strengthening traditional…

Compares the predictive validity of four indices of electoral conflict, three of which are based on the dissatisfaction theory of democracy. Uses a longitudinal study conducted in Washington. Results indicate that none of the formulas are predictors of school board incumbent defeat. (FMW)