Today, the Common European Framework of Reference (2009), and with it the action-based approach, underlies English Language Teaching (ELT) curricula throughout Europe. However, actual teaching practices are likely to vary according to factors such as the educational level and supra-national differences, including legal guidelines and the level of…

An eye-tracking study with 60 native Swedish speakers (18-30 years) was conducted to investigate the positive effects on learning outcomes predicted by the disfluency effect. Subtle low-pass filtering was used as a disfluency manipulation and compared with a control condition using regular text. The text was presented on four separate text…

The original objective of the nursery school was that acting in cooperation with the home, it should develop children motorically, intellectually, emotionally, and socially. A comparison of objectives with effects reveals many to be non-existent. A 1966 study of nursery school effects on child development revealed the following breakdown: (1)…