Debugging is essential for identifying and rectifying errors in programming, yet time constraints and students' trivialization of errors often hinder progress. This study examines differences in debugging challenges and strategies among students with varying computational thinking (CT) competencies using weekly coding journals from an online…

As young as 3 years old, children rely on a mutual intentionality framework to confer group membership--that is, agreement between a joiner ("I want to be in your group") and group ("We want you to be in our group"). Here, we tested whether children apply this cognitive framework in the context of identity-based groups,…

Although some studies have examined the effects of self-regulated learning (SRL) strategies on learning effectiveness, inconsistent results have been reported. Additionally, studies that adopt the perspective of SRL to evaluate the effect of metacognitive skills on students' actual learning effectiveness in digital game-based learning (DGBL)…

This study aimed to examine an assumption regarding whether generative artificial intelligence (GAI) tools can overcome the cognitive intensity that humans suffer when solving problems. We examine the performance of ChatGPT and GPT-4 on NAEP science assessments and compare their performance to students by cognitive demands of the items. Fifty-four…

Objective: Investigate the sleep hygiene and quality of emerging adults with a CMC compared to healthy peers as well as potential predictors of sleep quality. Participants: College students with and without a CMC (n = 137 per group; aged 18-23 years) at a Midwestern university. Methods: Participants reported on anxious and depressive symptoms,…

This report describes the process of developing and validating the enhanced ACT. The report describes the changes made to the test content and the processes by which these design decisions were implemented. The authors describe how they shared the overall scope of the enhancements, including the initial blueprints, with external expert panels,…

Interdisciplinary collaboration is widely used in research, industry, and education. Understanding the differences in cognitive processes between cross-discipline and same-discipline groups can improve instruction in collaborative learning. In this study, students volunteered to participate in cross-discipline or same-discipline collaborative…

In this study, we compared the effectiveness of two instructional approaches--modeling and generative tasks--within case-based instruction (CBI) in developing preservice teachers' classroom case analysis skills. Forty preservice teachers were randomly assigned to engage in CBI with either a modeling or generative task, working through three…

This study explored and compared attitudes toward animals between primary school students and primary school prospective teachers, focusing on educational and cognitive influences. A cross-sectional survey of 100 primary school students and 102 primary school prospective teachers assessed animal behavior, animal attitudes, species conservation…

This research employs the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) method to investigate the configurations of multiple factors influencing scientific concept learning, including augmented reality (AR) technology, the concept map (CM) strategy and individual differences (eg, prior knowledge, experience and attitudes). A quasi-experiment…

Estimating astronomical scales requires multiple complex mental processes, such as spatial thinking and interpreting large numbers. As such, it is a nontrivial question how these estimates can be most efficiently assessed. There is reason to believe that results from previous studies probing astronomical scale estimates are possibly susceptible to…

This study investigated the impact of information density on English as a Foreign Language (EFL) listening comprehension, testing the hypothesis that listeners prioritize message understanding in information-rich discourse over grammar-focused analysis in rhetorical discourse. A quasi-experimental design was employed with 26 EFL college students,…

Purpose: To provide safe and high-quality physical education, this study analyzed a physical literacy school-based intervention on active transport to school. Method: A total of 185 pupils (age[subscript mean] = 11.76 ± 0.52; 46% girls) participated in the intervention. Pupils from test (n = 110) and control (n = 75) groups completed a survey…

This research explores students' homework engagement across three dimensions: (a) cognitive, (b) emotional, and (c) behavioral activities, specifically contrasting private and public secondary schools in Addis Ababa. A qualitative research methodology was utilized, with reliability and validity assessments carried out through peer review, site…