Since the 1960s, dominance of public school community interactions has shifted from school professionals to citizen groups, volunteers in the schools, community agencies and the business community. Evidence of this trend can be discerned from the ongoing Urban Education Studies project, which has school systems in the Council of The Great City…

Human service agencies, including public schools and institutions of higher education, are playing an increasingly dominant role in the lives of all citizens, especially the poor. The increasingly bureaucratic nature of these agencies has been contributing to the continued powerlessness and dependence of their growing clientele. The perception by…