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Peer reviewedShumow, Lee; Vandell, Deborah Lowe; Posner, Jill – Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 1999
Examined associations between neighborhood risk factors and low-income children's academic performance from third to fifth grade. Neighborhood risk, based on characteristics such as income, education level, female-headed households, and violent crime, was not associated with children's academic performance in third grade but negatively predicted…
Descriptors: Academic Achievement, Age Differences, Community Characteristics, Community Influence
