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Download full textYi Zou; Ying Zheng; Jingwen Wang – International Journal of Language Testing, 2025
The Pearson Test of English Academic (PTE-A), a widely used high-stakes language proficiency test for university admissions and migration purposes, underwent a notable change from a three-hour to a two-hour version in November 2021. The implementation of the new version has prompted inquiries into the washback effects on various stakeholders.…
Descriptors: Testing Problems, Test Preparation, High Stakes Tests, English (Second Language)
Peer reviewedTracy, Lane – Social Behavior and Personality, 1987
Conducted two studies to examine validity of scales measuring consideration and initiating structure as basic dimensions of leader behavior. Results indicated that the factors were multidimensional and probably did not represent fundamental dimensions of leader behavior. Found relevant scales of Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire to be…
Descriptors: Behavior, College Students, Construct Validity, Higher Education
