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Jorge A. Pinto,; Vogel, Edgar H.; Núñez, Daniel E. – Psicologica: International Journal of Methodology and Experimental Psychology, 2017
The learned predictiveness effect or LPE is the finding that when people learn that certain cues are reliable predictors of an outcome in an initial stage of training (phase 1), they exhibit a learning bias in favor of these cues in a subsequent training involving new outcomes (phase 2) despite all cues being equally reliable in phase 2. In…
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, Difficulty Level, Predictor Variables, Cues
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Minear, Meredith; Coane, Jennifer H.; Boland, Sarah C.; Cooney, Leah H.; Albat, Marissa – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2018
The authors examined whether individual differences in fluid intelligence (gF) modulate the testing effect. Participants studied Swahili--English word pairs and repeatedly studied half the pairs or attempted retrieval, with feedback, for the remaining half. Word pairs were easy or difficult to learn. Overall, participants showed a benefit of…
Descriptors: Individual Differences, Intelligence, Information Retrieval, Testing
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Son, Lisa K.; Kornell, Nate – Metacognition and Learning, 2009
Learners of all ages face complex decisions about how to study effectively. Here we investigated three such decisions made in concert--time allocation, ordering, and spacing. First, college students were presented with, and made judgments of learning about, 16 word-synonym pairs. Then, when presented with all 16 pairs, they created their own study…
Descriptors: Time Management, Decision Making, Study Habits, College Students
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Toppino, Thomas C.; Cohen, Michael S. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2010
What do learners do when they control whether to engage in massed or spaced practice? According to theories by Son (2004) and by Metcalfe and Kornell (2005), the tendency for learners to choose spaced practice over massed practice should decline as item difficulty becomes greater. Support originally was obtained when pairs containing unfamiliar…
Descriptors: Metacognition, Difficulty Level, Learning Processes, Prediction
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Ash, Ivan K.; Jee, Benjamin D.; Wiley, Jennifer – Journal of Problem Solving, 2012
Gestalt psychologists proposed two distinct learning mechanisms. Associative learning occurs gradually through the repeated co-occurrence of external stimuli or memories. Insight learning occurs suddenly when people discover new relationships within their prior knowledge as a result of reasoning or problem solving processes that re-organize or…
Descriptors: Intuition, Learning Processes, Metacognition, Associative Learning