Explores cognitive development in early childhood education and examines four kinds of prevailing misconceptions in the light of recent evidence: (1) infants and very young children are limited to sensorimotor cognition; (2) young children's cognition is animistic; (3) young children's thought is egocentric; and (4) young children can think only…

After an overview of several studies of cognitive instruction used with problem learners, the article describes two learning mechanisms that explain why such cognitive interventions work--prolepsis (communication that initially leaves implicit some information) and reflective abstraction (changing observables into meaningful internalized…

Results of this evaluation study did not find that attribution retraining (embedded within a mathematics computer-assisted instructional program) had a significant impact on the attributions of 29 students with learning disabilities. However, students in the attribution retraining condition did complete more program levels and scored higher on…

Examined effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral interventions to help adolescent boys cope with stress and other forms of negative emotional arousal. Compared nine boys in cognitive intervention group, eight boys in anxiety management training group, and eight controls. Compared to controls, both intervention groups showed significant reductions in…

Randomly assigned depressed family caregivers (n=66) of frail elderly relatives to 20 sessions of cognitive-behavioral (CB) or brief psychodynamic (PD) individual psychotherapy. At posttreatment, 71% of caregivers were no longer clinically depressed, with no differences found between two treatments. Found interaction between treatment modality and…

Argues for the compatibility of various elements of cognitive therapy and systems therapy. These compatible elements can be combined so as to enhance the effectiveness and outcome of a counseling session. Focuses on how mental health counselors can operate from a cognitive-systems approach when working with clients. (RJM)

Compared effects of token reinforcement, cognitive behavior modification, and direct instruction on learning-disabled elementary school students' mathematics skills. Treatment was provided to 94 students for 4 weeks in daily 1-hour sessions. Significant differential gain between treatment and direct instruction groups in achievement test scores…

The article suggests 12 mindsets to decrease stress in teachers of students with behavior disorders and to build a functional philosophy of education. Adoption of positive mindsets are seen to enhance instruction and facilitate positive feelings of hope, self-efficacy, and progress. Sample mindsets include flexible thinking, maintaining academic…

Gathered data on Canadian university counselors' (n=80) preferred theoretical orientation and their ranking of three most influential counselors/psychotherapists. Results indicated sample was predominantly eclectic in theoretical orientation, with person-centered and cognitive-behavioral orientations in second and third places. Rogers, Beck, and…

The incarcerated must overcome prejudices against "others" to achieve self-actualization and social adjustment. A curriculum employing collaborative learning, problem solving, and material from literature and film teaches critical thinking for making healthy and successful decisions. (SK)

Describes Self-Regulated Strategy Development (SRSD), cognitive strategy instructional approach in which students are taught task-specific strategies along with more general strategies for regulating strategy use and learning process. Focuses on how this approach has been used to help students with learning problems develop as writers. Explains…

Notes that most individuals who receive treatment for alcohol or other drug problems fail to maintain abstinence. Sees it as essential that school counselors be aware of relapse prevention strategies and use these strategies proactively when adolescents complete treatment. Discusses strategies, adapted from work using cognitive-behavioral…

Responding to a previous article written by a college student with learning disabilities (LD), this article discusses cognitive and affective barriers faced by college populations with LD and the need to provide support. The anxiety, alienation, drive to succeed, and "masks" of students with LD are explored. (CR)

Discusses ways in which to equip youth with anger management and social skills. Focuses on cognitive distortions, primary and secondary thinking errors, equipment for managing anger and correcting thinking errors, and correcting thinking errors in individual therapy. Illustrates how thinking errors can be identified and corrected in individual…

Patients with irritable bowel syndrome (n=34) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment conditions for 8 weeks: individualized cognitive treatment, support group, or control. Results indicated significantly greater reductions in gastrointestinal symptoms and amelioration of depression and anxiety for the cognitive therapy group, and these results…