Discusses themes in theoretical development of cognitive psychotherapies since 1950s inception: differentiation of rationalist and constructivist therapies and metatheories of knowing; acknowledgment of social, biological, and embodiment processes in therapy; recognition of unconscious processes; self-organizing and self-protective processes in…

Traces historical developments in use of treatment manuals in psychotherapy research and reviews characteristics that have facilitated development of cognitive therapy manuals. Reviews arguments in favor of and opposed to further development of treatment manuals. Discusses relevant research and suggests three areas for future treatment manual…

Traces kinds of interventions recommended and implemented by school psychologists over last century. Notes that interventions have followed from theory and research interests of psychologists of the time, and traces relationship for each intervention type. Sees dominant tension in school psychology between behavioral-theory-based interventions and…

Describes work of Anton Makarenko (1888-1939), Ukrainian educator and youth pioneer considered one of century's great experts on troubled youth. Notes that, although Makarenko claimed to work without theories, he actually used sophisticated interventions that involved cognitive dissonance, paradoxical interventions, and cognitive reframing with…

To elaborate upon the complexity of the change process in teachers caused by continuing reforms within the realm of mathematics education, this article presents narratives about three very different elementary/middle school teachers and traces the six cognitive requisites illustrated within the change process by these teachers. (JJK)