The Trait Treatment Interaction (TTI) Process approach is particularly adapted to the study of information-processing by receivers of information presented in the media. Differences in people's experiences do lead to different cognitive structures. Different people use the same machinery of perceiving, coding, storing, and retrieving. Neverthless,…

Psychological experiments investigating imposed and induced cognitive strategies are reviewed and related to operations in reading comprehension. It has been suggested that comprehension differences between good and poor readers may arise from the way in which they habitually organize intra- and inter-sentence elements during input.…

The predictability of individual differences in the ability to reason about dynamic displays from tests using static displays was studied in 170 adults given paper-and-pencil and computer controlled tests. Several multivariate analyses indicated that the ability to reason about dynamic motion was distinct from the ability to reason about static…

Reviews literature on hemispheric specialization. Argues that foundations of hemispheric specialization are present very early in life and that children's greater ability to recover functions following brain injury suggests developmental changes in brain organization. (CMG)

Examined the psychosocial characteristics that cognitively mediate between life stressors and the stress response in 235 subjects. Results from the five instruments used showed self-esteem was by far the most important characteristic discriminating between good and poor copers. Other factors were external control, life pace and irrational beliefs.…

Efforts to use eye movement data to elucidate cognitive processes center on phenomena ranging from basic physiological processes to complex processes such as decision-making and job performance, and have been very productive. Irrespective of the particular task being studied, individual differences efforts have yielded differences in eye movements…

Dewey's notion of "reflective thinking" is discussed. A model of phases of reflective thinking is described: problem recognition, enumeration of possibilities, reasoning, revision, and evaluation. Each phase has at least one parameter governing its operation and one rule for setting the optimum parameter value. Sources of individual…

Assesses the effectiveness of different child-generated classification schemes on preschool children's memory performance. Children who organized pictures according to taxonomic categories (e.g., animals, vehicles) demonstrated significantly greater recall than children classified as nontaxonomic. (Author/MP)

Data on problem solving collected within the framework of G. Eckblad's cognitive theory of affect (1981) are analyzed with 3-mode principal component analysis. Eight tasks with 6 judgment scales were completed by 32 13-year-old boys. The effectiveness of the TUCKALS principal components analysis method is discussed. (SLD)

Questions the validity of current reductionist assumptions concerning learning differences and proposes a new science of life based on dynamic, transforming, hierarchically organized systems of energy. This view of cognition is related to Piaget's insights, which are extended to include a view of learning differences consistent with these…

Five experiments tested four-month-old infants' ability to recognize degraded visual targets as a function of individual differences in fixation duration. Found that short-looking infants were able to recognize degraded forms in both vertex (top or highest point)-absent and vertex-present conditions, but the vertex-absent discrimination was more…

The aim of this article is to show that individuals differ in the way they solve spatial tasks of all kinds, and both research on and measurement of spatial ability could profit from an integration of strategy aspects. We first review evidence for both intra- and inter-individual strategy differences (including gender differences) in 3 domains of…

Lukatela and Turvey (2000) demonstrated a phonological priming effect in the lexical decision task (LDT) with a 14-ms prime and concluded that phonology plays a central role in word meaning activation. In contrast, several other researchers reported that phonological priming is significant only at much longer prime durations (e.g., Ferrand &…

Individual looks at television vary enormously in length, and this has previously indicated differences in ongoing cognitive processes. Furthermore, the relative frequency of looks of different lengths may indicate styles of attention to television. This article compares visual attention of 152 subjects across a variety of genres and examines…