Children with dyscalculia show less self-efficacy and more anxiety while engaging in mathematical tasks. In addition to difficulties in basic mathematical skills, such non-cognitive factors negatively impact their mathematics achievement. In contrast, game elements have been found to increase performance, motivation, and task engagement.…

This study used eye-movement tracking to investigate how students engage with the learning process of reading science articles with or without hands-on manipulation of a pulley system and their influences on learning outcomes. This experiment used a 2 (reading easy or difficult articles) × 2 (with or without hands-on manipulation) between-subject…

This study aims to investigate the effects of different design tasks on the cognitive load level of instructional designers during the process of designing a learning activity in a 3D multi-user virtual environment (MUVE). The sample consisted of 16 undergraduate students who were experienced in the areas of instructional design, computer…

Cognitive load theory's incorporation of evolutionary perspectives has generated several instructional designs based on movement, including the tracing effect, occurring when learners benefit from explicit instructions to trace out specific elements of lesson materials with the index finger. Historical descriptions of children's tracing behaviours…

Background: Previous studies on augmented reality-enriched learning and training indicated conflicting results regarding the cognitive load involved: some authors report that AR can reduce cognitive load, others have shown that AR is perceived as cognitively demanding and can lead to poorer performance. Objectives: The aim of this study is to…

College students enrolled in a reading support course were asked to (a) read a short text, (b) listen to a second text, and (c) read + listen to a third text and answer multiple-choice comprehension questions about each text. Each condition employed a self-study format allowing for constant availability of text input and extra time to revisit text…

Game-based learning has received increasing attention in recent years as it could help improve pupils' motivation, self-efficacy, and achievement. Technological innovations like learning analytics (LA) and GBL offer pedagogical support for teachers. GBL could significantly support pupils' learning as a learning approach compared to conventional…

Although instructional videos with on-screen instructors have become prevalent in various learning contexts, their effect has been questioned because of mixed findings in the literature. This meta-analysis study aimed to elucidate the overall effect of instructor-present videos on learning, cognitive load, motivation, and social presence and to…

Lectures constitute a basic component of physiology instruction in scientific and healthcare curricula. Technological progress has allowed a switch from face to face to video lectures, yet there is no evidence of video efficacy in physiology. Because videos increase the cognitive load during a learning task, identifying tools that decrease…

With the developments in digital technologies, the increase in the amount of accessible information and the multimedia concept, it has become necessary to present complex information in a simplified manner. Along with this requirement, one of the current concepts that draw attention within the scope of multimedia concept is the infographic. The…

Purpose: As online course enrollments increase, it is important to understand how common course features influence students' behaviors and performance. Asynchronous online courses often include a discussion forum to promote community through interaction between students and instructors. Students interact both socially and cognitively; instructors'…

Background & Aims: Cognitive load theory assumes that the higher the learner's prior knowledge (i.e., the more expert the learner), the lower the intrinsic cognitive load (complexity) experienced for a given problem. While this is the case in many scenarios, there can be cases in which the converse is also true, resulting in more expert…

While subtitles are considered a primary learning support tool for people who cannot understand video narration in foreign languages, recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have played a pivotal role in automatic subtitling on online video platforms such as YouTube. This study examines the effects of three different types…

According to the multimedia principle, adding relevant pictures to text is beneficial for learning. This beneficial effect is particularly true for text depicted in pictures (illustrated text information) but not for a text that is not illustrated in pictures (non-illustrated text information). The multimedia principle was examined for…

Arithmetic word problems are a staple in mathematical curricula yet give individuals of all ages difficulty. Successful word problem solving requires translating the problem into a symbolic arithmetic format. However, the linguistic component may make problem solving more complex and increase cognitive load, specifically the processes that…