Investigates the effect of the relationship between conditions at encoding (familiarization) and retrieval (test) with regard to infants' performance on a paired-comparison recognition test. Subjects were 32 male and 32 female infants between 8.7 and 10.3 months of age. (MP)

Applies a taxonomy to a review of the methods used to study mental processes in reading that divides the methods into simultaneous or successive and obtrusive or unobtrusive; the taxonomy proved useful in describing encoding and memory processes. (AEA)

Information processing research offers a solution to the ambiguity of many concepts in cognitive psychology. The author's definition of intelligence and the structure-of-intellect model offer a systematic collection of rigorously and operationally defined concepts. New evidence for discriminability of the model categories and views of memory and…

An experiment was designed to determine whether or not images are directly involved in the retrieval process. The results provided evidence for the direct involvement of images in both the encoding and retrieval processes for words. (Author/PN)

Two experiments were undertaken to evaluate the influence of automatic semantic processing of pictures on word judgments. Results indicated that (1) perceptual factors influence responding in these types of tasks, (2) picture processing can facilitate word processing in some circumstances, and (3) incompatible background pictures can interfere…

Argues that, although Piaget's seminal work on children's use of intention and consequence information to make moral evaluations has spawned a substantial amount of research, progress in this area has been hampered by serious conceptual and methodological problems. Offers some methodological guidelines for conducting research in this area.…

The results of this study disconfirm the predictions of the decay hypothesis because long-term recency effects appear to result from the use of contextually based retrieval cues. Long-term recency effects were attenuated on immediate recognition tests, while long-term recency effects were found on free recall tests. (DWH)

Changes in children's cognitive strategies for solving simple subtractions were studied by analyzing verbal reports given immediately after each problem. The development of children's cognitive processes involved a gradual shift from more primitive and less demanding memory strategies to reconstructive memory processes to retrieval processes.…

Ten possible sources of individual and developmental differences in memory span--rehearsal, grouping, chunking, retrieval strategies, item identification, item ordering, capacity, susceptibility to interference, search rate, and output buffer--were examined in a review of the literature. Speed with which presented items can be identified emerged…

Subjects decided whether sentences as "The treaty passed" were "true" or "false," given number of votes cast for the bill and criterion that determined its status. An additive-stages model was applied to verification times from the present and prior studies, and was used to describe certain markedness and congruity…

Presents argument that many factors affecting retention can be understood in context of a distinction between relational and individual item processing. Describes experiments which demonstrate that variables influencing the type of processing produce differential effects upon certain dependent measures. (Author/BK)

Two tasks were used to evaluate the relationship between concept usage and the organization of knowledge in semantic memory for 7-, 11-, 15-, and 18-year-old subjects. (JMB)

Suggests that it is sometimes useful to consider information as being encoded as images, sometimes as language, and sometimes as propositions, and describes research that provides evidence of processing in all these forms. (Author)

Three separate groups of women performed a semantic classification task during the morning, afternoon, or evening. Results were directly opposite findings that short-term memory performance declines as the day progresses. It is suggested that physiological arousal, which rises through the day, may benefit retrieval efficiency from long-term…

Successful students use a learning style that involves thinking deeply about what they are studying. Several teaching techniques that can encourage this are discussed. (Author/MLF)