The aim of this study was to examine the effects of cognitive load level on students' attitude towards the gamified course. It was also found out the students' views regarding the 14-week gamified course. Participants consisted of 66 undergraduate students. 40 of them had low cognitive load level and 26 of them had high cognitive load level.…

Research on the effects of background music has historically produced mixed findings. This study examined whether listening to background music impacted participants' writing fluency and perceived cognitive load. Participants in this experiment were 109 attendees of a science and history museum. Participants had to be at least six years old to…

Background: In multimedia learning environments, pedagogical agents have emerged as an innovative tool to enhance digital instruction, yet optimising their design for maximal learning effectiveness remains underexplored. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate how specific design elements of pedagogical agents, namely appearance and voice…

This paper studies the effect of learning efficiency through various animations in conjunction with instructional teaching of traditional Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) crafts projects. The germane cognitive load (GCL) is defined as an investment in cognitive resources for schema development and automation. This study employs four…

The designs of gamification platforms are diverse and constantly evolving. Excessive use of various game mechanisms in learning platforms can distract from the learning process. However, the fit of game mechanisms is still uncertain. Thus, this study investigates the effect of achieving fit when implementing game mechanisms on learning outcomes by…

Background and Context: Multiple studies report that experienced instructors lack consensus on the difficulty of programming tasks for novices. However, adequately gauging task difficulty is needed for alignment: to select and structure tasks in order to assess what students can and cannot do. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine…

The assumption that honors programs are more academically challenging is rarely interrogated. Using multi-institutional, longitudinal quantitative data from a larger study, we use quasi-experimental methods to examine students' experiences of course rigor, including workload and cognitive challenge, for honors participants compared to…

This study aims to investigate the effect of the online flipped learning model (OFLM) when integrated into a mathematics course in an emergency remote teaching process on seventh grade students' academic achievement, their attitudes towards their mathematics course, and their cognitive load. The study was designed as a crossover experimental…

Students tend to avoid effective but effortful study strategies. One potential explanation could be that high-effort experiences may not give students an immediate feeling of learning, which may affect their perceptions of the strategy's effectiveness and their willingness to use it. In two experiments, we investigated the role of mental effort in…

The articles in this special issue take an important step in beginning to test the PET framework. Together, these articles illustrate the importance of considering individual differences in attitudes and prior knowledge as well as differences in task demands when investigating the role of emotions in shaping cognitive processing while reading…

Previous studies have shown that encouraging students to use self-explanation strategies has proven effective in text-focused learning contexts. However, no study to date has focused on how students' strategy preference moderates the effect of self-explanation strategies on learning from video lectures. The current study investigated how students'…

The History of Design course is a foundational component for art and design students; however, many students perceive it as abstract and unengaging, mainly due to its highly conceptual nature and traditional lecture-based teaching methods. To address these challenges, this study investigates the impact of AI-generated virtual instructors and a…

Virtual reality (VR) technology has greatly expanded its role in education. It provides immersive experiences that enhance learning across various disciplines. Understanding the role of emotions in technology-based learning environments is crucial for improving educational outcomes. This study aimed to explore how VR environments evoke university…

The present cross-sectional study sought to explore the role of social support and self-esteem in alleviating the Covid-19 burdens among university students in a context characterized by political instability and conflict, such as the one of the Gaza Strip. Three hundred and fifteen university students in the Gaza Strip, 230 (73%) boys and 85…

According to Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism, self-efficacy and academic achievement can have a mutual influence over one another. While empirical research generally supports this position, little focus has been given to within- and between-person factors that may moderate this relationship. The present study explored how initial…