This article presents a meta-analysis of research on "evaluative conditioning" (EC), defined as a change in the liking of a stimulus (conditioned stimulus; CS) that results from pairing that stimulus with other positive or negative stimuli (unconditioned stimulus; US). Across a total of 214 studies included in the main sample, the mean…

In comparative judgments of two stimuli separated by a time interval, there is often a systematic asymmetry (time-order error). From a review of the literature it is concluded that the time-order error should be classified as a perceptual phenomenon that can be predicted with adaptation-level theory and sensation weighting. (Author/CB)

Summarizes information processing models of the mind based on a literature review; describes a prototypical model of college learning; examines links between mental models and cognitive errors; reviews cognitive science students; and identifies six factors contributing to cognitive error production. (104 references) (Author/MBR)

An overall schema of interpretation for programming instructors is given, so that the misconceptions students develop in programming can be determined more readily. Types of language-independent and -dependent bugs, how they can be identified, and how to help students overcome them are addressed. (MNS)

The literature on proportional reasoning is reviewed. After methodology is discussed, strategies used to solve proportion problems, variables that influence performance, and training studies are each considered. (MNS)

The nature of arithmetic disabilities in children is discussed first in this review. Then research studies are reported, classified by cognitive and neuropsychological studies and social competency studies. Finally, suggestions for remediation are provided. (MNS)