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Children with ADHD Symptoms Show Decreased Activity in Ventral Striatum during the Anticipation of Reward, Irrespective of ADHD Diagnosis
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van Hulst, Branko M.; de Zeeuw, Patrick; Bos, Dienke J.; Rijks, Yvonne; Neggers, Sebastiaan F. W.; Durston, Sarah – Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2017
Background: Changes in reward processing are thought to be involved in the etiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), as well as other developmental disorders. In addition, different forms of therapy for ADHD rely on reinforcement principles. As such, improved understanding of reward processing in ADHD could eventually lead to…
Descriptors: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Task Analysis, Reinforcement, Therapy
A Genetic Analysis of Brain Volumes and IQ in Children
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van Leeuwen, Marieke; Peper, Jiska S.; van den Berg, Stephanie M.; Brouwer, Rachel M.; Hulshoff Pol, Hilleke E.; Kahn, Rene S.; Boomsma, Dorret I. – Intelligence, 2009
In a population-based sample of 112 nine-year old twin pairs, we investigated the association among total brain volume, gray matter and white matter volume, intelligence as assessed by the Raven IQ test, verbal comprehension, perceptual organization and perceptual speed as assessed by the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III. Phenotypic…
Descriptors: Twins, Intelligence Tests, Intelligence Quotient, Brain
Domain-Specific and Domain-General Learning Factors Are Expressed in Genetically Heterogeneous CD-1 Mice
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Kolata, Stefan; Light, Kenneth; Matzel, Louis D. – Intelligence, 2008
It has been established that both domain-specific (e.g. spatial) as well as domain-general (general intelligence) factors influence human cognition. However, the separation of these processes has rarely been attempted in studies using laboratory animals. Previously, we have found that the performances of outbred mice across a wide range of…
Descriptors: Experiments, Spatial Ability, Genetics, Animals
Inspection Time and Cognitive Abilities in Twins Aged 7 to 17 Years: Age-Related Changes, Heritability and Genetic Covariance
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Edmonds, Caroline J.; Isaacs, Elizabeth B.; Visscher, Peter M.; Rogers, Mary; Lanigan, Julie; Singhal, Atul; Lucas, Alan; Gringras, Paul; Denton, Jane; Deary, Ian J. – Intelligence, 2008
We studied the age-related differences in inspection time and multiple cognitive domains in a group of monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins aged 7 to 17 years. Data from 111 twin pairs and 19 singleton siblings were included. We found clear age-related trends towards more efficient visual information processing in older participants. There…
Descriptors: Twins, Intelligence Quotient, Correlation, Genetics
DNA Markers Associated with General and Specific Cognitive Abilities.
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Petrill, Stephen A.; And Others – Intelligence, 1996
Data on specific cognitive abilities for 86 children ages 6 to 12 from an allelic association study found three DNA markers significantly associated with specific cognitive ability scales after the effects of general intelligence were removed. These preliminary results support the hierarchical model predicted by genetic research. (SLD)
Descriptors: Ability, Children, Cognitive Processes, DNA
On the Relation between Microlevel Processing Efficiency and Macrolevel Measures of Intelligence: Some Arguments against Current Reductionism.
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Ceci, Stephen J. – Intelligence, 1990
The assumption that a singular biological resource pool embedded in the central nervous system results in differences in macrolevel outcomes because of the constraints it imposes on efficiencies of microlevel processing is refuted. Moderating effects on the causal pathways between microlevel and macrolevel performance are discussed. (SLD)
Descriptors: Biological Influences, Cognitive Processes, Environmental Influences, Epistemology