Background: The COVID pandemic exposed limitations in online learning platforms. This study explores Real-time Shared Gaze Visualizations (SGVs), which use eye-tracking data to restore non-verbal social cues and improve teacher-learner communication. We aim to: (1) identify gaze patterns linked to learning, (2) compare these patterns across visual…

Embodied cognition theory underscores the importance of the interactions among the mind, body and environment, and instructors can make use of these connections to support learning through body-based learning activities. However, synchronous online learning presents challenges to this type of embodied pedagogy, as learning through physical actions…

This study aims to investigate the effect of the online flipped learning model (OFLM) when integrated into a mathematics course in an emergency remote teaching process on seventh grade students' academic achievement, their attitudes towards their mathematics course, and their cognitive load. The study was designed as a crossover experimental…

To promote motivation and interaction among learners for relationship education in online learning, we designed a digital gamified learning activity for relationship education combined with conceptual and reflective scaffolding. We measured the learning achievement of learners' knowledge, motivation, anxiety and flow during the activity. This…

Background: After the mandated closure and reopening of schools during and after the coronavirus pandemic, online synchronous teaching and learning has emerged as an opportunity to expand the reach of K-12 education, however, there is a lack of understanding about the characteristics of the successful learning experiences during that period that…

The COVID-19 pandemic created unprecedented disruptions in models for engineering student training. At The Citadel, an undergraduate-focused college in the Southeastern United States, a variety of modalities were implemented following the onset of the pandemic, including emergency online and Hyflex learning. We conducted a longitudinal study to…

While enabling students to refer to and build on peer-produced work (termed 'citing' herein) during content creation appears pedagogically promising, its associated learning effects remain under-studied. This research aimed at examining the effects of online citing of peer-generated assessment items during student test-construction on promoting…

The purpose of this study was to investigate how postgraduate engagement is affected by the sense of belonging, academic self-efficacy and academic hardiness. The validated self-reported scales were used to survey 308 postgraduate students in Mainland China who had taken distance learning courses. The proposed research model exhibited high…

The purpose of this research was to examine differences between students at high and low levels of interactions, their perceived online presence (teaching, cognitive, and social), and the level of actual cognitive presence in asynchronous case-based discussions. The results revealed that among three online presences, teaching presence was the…

Children and young people live in a world that is constantly changing. In order to master their lives successfully, they will need many skills and competences. These include mathematical competences, which they should build up from primary school age. This article deals with the question of how mathematics lessons should be designed in order to…

High dropout rates in online courses, caused by potential factors such as financial issues, low motivation and poor self-regulation among learners, pose a significant challenge to the sustainable development of online education. Therefore, continuance of online courses has become a critical topic in both the academic and practical fields. By…

This conceptual paper sets out the community-of-inquiry framework from a distributed perspective. It proposes that considering teaching presence, social presence and cognitive presence from a distributed perspective allows the broadening of the presences to consider the way in which participants, content and tools maintain and advance these…

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected teaching and learning globally. An increase in distance learning through online digital platforms and electronic devices has created a drastic change in education. The implication of online learning continuing post pandemic is prominent. An exploratory study of the educational experience of online learning…

We investigated whether worked examples could be used to reduce cognitive load on mathematics learners who may have reduced available cognitive resources due to experiencing anxiety or excess stress. Across 2 days, 280 fifth-grade students learned from a difficult lesson on ratio, half of whom reviewed worked examples at key problem-solving…

Within the fields of learning design, instructional systems and educational psychology, cognitive load has been discussed and debated for a number of years. The impact of course designs on learning process is still questioned, and how we learn continues to be an intriguing question. The fields of working memory (WM) and cognitive load (CL) have…