Empirical research conducted over the past few decades suggests that the age at which an individual is first exposed to a second language affects long-term outcomes, in particular for phonology. The question that has occupied scholars of various bents is what, exactly, underlies the robust age effects observed. Does age imply immutable changes in…

During the past twenty years, the field of linguistics has changed in ways that are significant for the preparation of bilingual/cross-cultural teachers. Most linguists today would agree that variability in language and the relation of language to societal phenomena are now major concerns of linguistic inquiry and that interdisciplinary branches…

A general text on bilingual multicultural education geared toward teachers, teacher trainers, supervisors, administrators, researchers, and other professionals in the field, at both the preservice and inservice levels, is presented. Contents are as follows: a historical, philosophical, and legal introduction to bilingual education; theoretical…