Purpose: This study aims to extend understanding of individual innovation by examining how learning strategies and relational dynamics influence the generation and promotion of innovative ideas. By investigating the extent to which the relationship between learning strategies and innovation varies as a function of a social factor (i.e.…

Empirical research conducted over the past few decades suggests that the age at which an individual is first exposed to a second language affects long-term outcomes, in particular for phonology. The question that has occupied scholars of various bents is what, exactly, underlies the robust age effects observed. Does age imply immutable changes in…

Nine of 11 Central Ohio horticulture teachers completed the Group Embedded Figures Test and Florida Taxonomy of Cognitive Behavior. Scores showed 55% were field independent and 44% field dependent. They taught 47% of the time at the knowledge level; 84% of teaching occurred at the lower levels of cognition. Higher field independence scores were…

Proposes an expanded definition of critical thinking and discusses its components. Includes an outline of goals and objectives for a critical thinking curriculum. (MCG)

This paper proposes a basic instructional design model that focuses on the planning of a learning environment so that students not only acquire factual knowledge, but also improve their cognitive abilities to use and extend their knowledge. The model describes the direct relationships between learning time, cognitive objectives, memory system…

This book on the process of philosophic thought as it relates to physical education is divided into four parts. The first part, "Philosophy as Action," aims to help the student to develop and refine his ability to philosophize, to direct reasoned beliefs toward a goal, to see that reasoned beliefs derive from thinking, to avoid error and dangers…

Concludes that the higher the cognitive level reached and maintained by the teacher during an instructional session, the higher the mean performance of pupils following an instructional session. (Author/RL)

An instructional system that is both efficient and effective should present information so that it is easily processed by learners and so that the cognitive structures resulting from instruction correspond to the structure of the content to be learned. This paper presents a discussion of methods for describing content structure and cognitive…

This paper discusses a study to determine the influence of study procedures on success at map-learning tasks. The hypothesis was that subjects who used certain (effective) learning procedures would perform better than subjects who stressed other (less effective) techniques. The effective procedures set comprised techniques for learning spatial…

A project, using a longitudinal survey, seeks to describe the cognitive content of the professional competence developed within the field of engineering, psychology, economics, and medicine. With the aid of several empirical studies, the project will hopefully clarify when and how changes occur in students' perceptions and patterns of thought,…

This paper investigates how people acquire knowledge from maps. Emphasis is placed on heuristics--defined as the procedures that people use to select, combine, and encode map information in memory. The objective is to develop a theory of expertise in map learning by analyzing differences between fast and slow learners in terms of differences in…

An investigation was conducted to examine the relationship between goal-setting behavior and the Conceptual Level Model (CLM), an interactive theory of development that considers progression or growth to be determined both by the learner's present developmental stage and by the environment he experiences. Conceptual Level (CL) is an index of…

This study investigated the effects of three methods of teaching interpersonal relationship skills with the film "Relationships with Other People." The three methods of instruction were presentation of film only, print-based material, and formal classroom instruction. The following pre- and posttest instruments were administered to 210…