There is considerable speculation and some empirical evidence that teacher collective bargaining agreements (CBAs) in urban school districts are more restrictive to district administrators than CBAs in other districts. We build on prior work by comparing urban with nonurban CBAs in three states--California, Michigan, and Washington--and, for a set…

The GEAR UP graduation coach intervention developed by the GEAR UP Learning Centers at Western Michigan University (WMU) addresses the issue of academic failure of at-risk students in high school. This personalized early intervention strategy begins by assessing students' unique circumstances, academic histories, and strengths and weaknesses in…

A study was made of 165 persons (largely underclass) during training at a job training center in middle Michigan and about one year later. Three kinds of influences were examined: opportunities, subculture, and training. Research was exploratory and involved comparison of 37 Chippewa trainees and 113 poor whites and a small number of Mexicans and…