In bilingual elementary classrooms where English is taught as a foreign language, science lessons often prioritize spoken interaction, while reading and writing receive less emphasis. This article explores how Cognitive Discourse Functions (CDFs)--such as defining, explaining, hypothesizing, and evaluating--can support disciplinary and…

The Multimodalities-Entextualization Cycle (MEC), proposed by Lin (2015, Conceptualizing the potential role of L1 in content and language integrated learning (CLIL). "Language, Culture and Curriculum," 28(1), 74-89), is a curriculum model designed for teachers to systematically incorporate translanguaging in lessons. Limited studies have…

Background: Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) is a teaching methodology that integrates learning subject content with acquisition of proficiency in a foreign language (skills), developing both linguistic and conceptual competence. The approach aligns with the recommendations of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, which…

This article explores the effectiveness of a 416-hour professional programme intended to support 5010 Kazakhstani teachers in shifting to teaching their subjects through English. Document analysis describes the perceived intent of the course and how that is reflected in the course description and guidelines given to trainers. Document analysis is…

Bilingual education could solve many challenges introduced by an increasingly internationalised education system. Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL), in particular, may equip students with the necessary cultural and communicative skills to succeed in today's academic environment. However, it is not yet clear how CLIL can be employed…

British Council for East Asia reported that the level of English competency of Indonesian pupils in primary and secondary education in English lessons and other scientific disciplines was very concerning. They did not use English as Medium Instruction (EMI) in Science class well. Besides, pupils need to have English communication skills in the…