Compares M. E. P. Seligman's recent work on learned helplessness with N. R. F. Maier's 30-year-old work on frustration behavior. Notes striking similarities between the two approaches. Concludes that the learned helplessness model might explain the "abnormal fixations" that Maier reported. (Author/RL)

Examined the regulation of personal space in preschool children by studying adult-child dyads. Detailed analysis of simultaneous movements revealed a highly significant behavioral pattern consisting predominantly of approaches and withdrawals by both members of the dyad. (Author/DB)

Concludes that expectancy-violation (when audience does not expect the position a communicator advocates) enhances persuasive effectiveness more than similarity or unexpected similarity. (RL)

Supports the hypothesis that male leaders will receive higher ratings of alpha behavior than female leaders in mixed-sex groups, regardless of the females' ratings in same-sex groups. Points to linear male leadership patterns, while female patterns vary depending on the composition of the group. (RL)

Discusses the concepts of self," self-identification," and self-experience" in traditional Western psychology and in the enlightenment of the East, represented by Zen, as they relate to the education of the individual. (MB)

Results with preschool children were nonsupportive and, in fact, contrary to the general hypothesis that high external locus of control would be positively related to greater behavior adjustment problems, as has been found with some groups of older children and adults. (RL)

Observes the seating arrangements by sex of three or more people seated at rectangular tables in 176 social and 150 nonsocial settings. Postulates the importance of situational context and learned sexual norms in the observed spatial behaviors. (RL)