Cognitive confusion is the common state of young persons in regard to concepts of units of writing. In the past 10 years, research has accumulated to show that all children pass through the important stage of initial cognitive confusion in learning to read. Children often confuse "writing" with "drawing,""letter" with "number," and so on.…

The primary focus of this paper is on black children and the relationship between their productive and receptive language competencies. The solutions which have been proposed to solve the dilemma of black pupils' poor reading achievement are discussed. It is noted that none of the proposed solutions has the unqualified support provided by a mass…

In teaching reading, teachers should understand the three categories of language information which all readers draw upon in the processing of information. These three categories are (1) grapho-phonic, the information from the writing system and from the phonological system of oral language; (2) syntactic information, the information from…

This pamphlet discusses some beginning approaches and technological approaches to reading instruction, and the relationship between children's language and reading. The first section looks at several approaches to reading instruction: "The Language Experience Approach,""The Initial Teaching Alphabet,""Linguistic Approaches to Reading,""Programed…

The purpose of this study was to determine and to interpret the effect of two differing approaches to reading instruction on the self-social concepts of first grade children. The concepts analyzed were self-esteem; social interest; individuation; complexity; realism; identifications with mother, father, teacher, and friend; and preferences for…

This publication is designed to acquaint reading teachers with various approaches and media in beginning reading instruction. The nine broadly based innovative aspects considered are Using Language Experiences, Individualizing Beginning Reading, Using Color, Applying the Linguistics of Sounds in Words, Using i.t.a. in the United States, Using…

This book discusses a plan for "learning to read through experience." It is a plan for developing reading ability as an integral part of the development of all the communication skills. It is intended to build on and to continue to provide individual experiences for each child while increasing the common group experiences. Although the plan…

This study investigated the extent to which the language base as described in the three strands of the Language Experience Approach Rationale is provided for in the first grade reading textbook teacher guides adopted by the state of Arizona. Language experiences in a random sample consisting of five pages from each of the 77 books included on the…

This paper analyzes some of the conditions affecting the introduction of innovations in reading instruction in post-war Britain. The relationship between these innovations and research is explored. Section one presents background information and discusses possible causes for the influx of innovative techniques in reading instruction in the 1950s…

This document, which contains sixteen reports, focuses on various aspects of the teaching of reading. Report topics are: individualized reading, language experiences in reading, beginning reading, readiness in reading, an approach using decoding, recognizing and stimulating reading interests, functional reading in the junior high school, study…