Meta-analyses can be compromised by studies' internal biases (e.g., confounding in nonrandomized studies) as well as publication bias. These biases often operate nonadditively: publication bias that favors significant, positive results selects indirectly for studies with more internal bias. We propose sensitivity analyses that address two…

Racial concepts emerge in preschool age, and affect children's evaluations of others' actions. This research investigated whether 2.5-year-old and 7-year-old children's (N = 160; 100% White) evaluations may be influenced by an initial racial bias when both out-group and in-group protagonists were evaluated directly by attributing the…

In studies that assess perceptions of autistic people by non-autistic people, researchers often ask participants to review vignettes depicting fictional autistic characters. However, few studies have investigated whether non-autistic peers accurately identify these hypothetical individuals as being on the autism spectrum. Accurately ascribing…

Bullying in schools remains a significant issue that affects all students involved, particularly the parents of gifted students. While the prevalence of bullying among gifted students has been examined, the experiences of parents whose gifted children have been victims of bullying have largely been overlooked. This study explores the bullying…

From an early age, children internalize gender stereotypes and roles, which can influence their preferences, aspirations, and social interactions. This study aimed to test the effectiveness of an intervention using counter-stereotypical narratives to reduce gender stereotyping and its consequences at two developmental stages: before the period of…

In experimental tasks, preschool children sometimes mistakenly attribute memories to themselves rather than external sources, with decreasing source errors between 4- and 5-years of age. In this research, we tested whether these developmental changes are also observed in spontaneously generated memories of personal life events. 4- and 5-year olds…

In this paper, we explore the critical practice of making sense of students' mathematical ideas. We extend previous research by studying stances prospective teachers adopt, the extent or depth to which they do so, and the types of prospective teachers making sense of students' mathematical ideas. Analyzing the responses of 123 prospective teachers…

Superstitious behaviors persist across time, culture, and age. Although often considered irrational and even potentially harmful, superstitions have recently been shown to have positive effects on stress levels, confidence, and ultimately, performance. However, it remains unclear how people conceive of superstitious behaviors, specifically,…

Research in the social and behavioral sciences relies on a wide range of experimental and quasi-experimental designs to estimate the causal effects of specific programs, policies, and events. In this paper we highlight measurement issues relevant to evaluating the validity of causal estimation and generalization. These issues impact all four…

"Attribute-framing bias" reflects people's tendency to evaluate objects framed positively more favorably than the same objects framed negatively. Although biased by the framing valence, evaluations are nevertheless calibrated to the magnitude of the target attribute. In three experiments that manipulated magnitudes in different ways, we…

Missing data complicates statistical analyses in multi-site studies, especially when it is not feasible to centrally pool individual-level data across sites. We combined meta-analysis with within-site multiple imputation for one-step estimation of the average causal effect (ACE) of a target population comprised of all individuals from all…

Gender nonconforming (GN) children are at higher risk of experiencing bullying and social exclusion than are gender conforming (GC) children. Nonetheless, very little is known about the socio-cognitive mechanisms underlying children's bias against GN peers. The present study was the first to examine children's dehumanization of GN peers…

Agentic teachers are indispensable in promoting student learning and academic success. In rural areas, students' underachievement is generally persisting compared with that of urban students. Adopting an attribution theory and agency perspective, this study aims to understand teachers' perceptions of reasons underlying rural students'…

Attributional processes about why outcomes occur constitute an important mediating mechanism that can explain different reactions of both the targets of harassment and their peers. The present study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of a measure of attributions for victimization among adolescents, using Confirmatory Factor Analyses,…

People often rely on the covariation between events to infer causality. However, covariation between cues and outcomes may change over time. In the associative learning literature, extinction provides a model to study updating of causal beliefs when a previously established relationship no longer holds. Prediction error theories can explain both…