Meta-analyses can be compromised by studies' internal biases (e.g., confounding in nonrandomized studies) as well as publication bias. These biases often operate nonadditively: publication bias that favors significant, positive results selects indirectly for studies with more internal bias. We propose sensitivity analyses that address two…

Early childhood is characterized by rapid increases in both motor skills and executive function skills. Rather than simply codeveloping, the development of motor and executive function skills may be linked causally. In this article, we introduce corticomuscular coherence as a paradigm for psychologists interested in testing mechanistic questions…

Racial concepts emerge in preschool age, and affect children's evaluations of others' actions. This research investigated whether 2.5-year-old and 7-year-old children's (N = 160; 100% White) evaluations may be influenced by an initial racial bias when both out-group and in-group protagonists were evaluated directly by attributing the…

In studies that assess perceptions of autistic people by non-autistic people, researchers often ask participants to review vignettes depicting fictional autistic characters. However, few studies have investigated whether non-autistic peers accurately identify these hypothetical individuals as being on the autism spectrum. Accurately ascribing…

Bullying in schools remains a significant issue that affects all students involved, particularly the parents of gifted students. While the prevalence of bullying among gifted students has been examined, the experiences of parents whose gifted children have been victims of bullying have largely been overlooked. This study explores the bullying…

From an early age, children internalize gender stereotypes and roles, which can influence their preferences, aspirations, and social interactions. This study aimed to test the effectiveness of an intervention using counter-stereotypical narratives to reduce gender stereotyping and its consequences at two developmental stages: before the period of…

In this paper, we explore the critical practice of making sense of students' mathematical ideas. We extend previous research by studying stances prospective teachers adopt, the extent or depth to which they do so, and the types of prospective teachers making sense of students' mathematical ideas. Analyzing the responses of 123 prospective teachers…

Superstitious behaviors persist across time, culture, and age. Although often considered irrational and even potentially harmful, superstitions have recently been shown to have positive effects on stress levels, confidence, and ultimately, performance. However, it remains unclear how people conceive of superstitious behaviors, specifically,…

Research in the social and behavioral sciences relies on a wide range of experimental and quasi-experimental designs to estimate the causal effects of specific programs, policies, and events. In this paper we highlight measurement issues relevant to evaluating the validity of causal estimation and generalization. These issues impact all four…

Knowledge tracing (KT) for evaluating students' knowledge is an essential task in personalized education. More and more researchers have devoted themselves to solving KT tasks, e.g., deep knowledge tracing (DKT), which can capture more sophisticated representations of student knowledge. Nonetheless, these techniques ignore the reconstruction of…

Attributional processes about why outcomes occur constitute an important mediating mechanism that can explain different reactions of both the targets of harassment and their peers. The present study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of a measure of attributions for victimization among adolescents, using Confirmatory Factor Analyses,…

People often rely on the covariation between events to infer causality. However, covariation between cues and outcomes may change over time. In the associative learning literature, extinction provides a model to study updating of causal beliefs when a previously established relationship no longer holds. Prediction error theories can explain both…

Recent academic motivation research has shifted towards understanding the situation-specific and process-sensitive nature of motivation. This shift has initiated discussions on methodological advancements to capture dynamic changes in motivation as they occur in authentic learning contexts. However, these studies have not been systematically…

Causal inference is a fundamental goal of many research endeavors, including scholarship in the field of language education and learning. Randomized controlled trials are considered an ideal design to test causal claims, but not all claims can be subjected to experimental treatment due to ethical and practical constraints. In this article, we…

The prevalence of anti-fat attitudes among kinesiology professionals is concerning because research shows that being subjected to anti-fat attitudes is associated with negative health outcomes and physical activity avoidance. Although anti-fat attitude reduction interventions exist, interventions that teach attribution retraining as a behavior…