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Holmes, Nathan M.; Westbrook, R. Frederick – Learning & Memory, 2014
Four experiments used rats to study appetitive-aversive transfer. Rats trained to eat a palatable food in a distinctive context and shocked in that context ate and did not freeze when tested 1 d later but froze and did not eat when tested 14 d later. These results were associatively mediated (Experiments 1 and 2), observed when rats were or were…
Descriptors: Animals, Fear, Food, Negative Reinforcement
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Hutter, Mandy; Sweldens, Steven; Stahl, Christoph; Unkelbach, Christian; Klauer, Karl Christoph – Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2012
Whether human evaluative conditioning can occur without contingency awareness has been the subject of an intense and ongoing debate for decades, troubled by a wide array of methodological difficulties. Following recent methodological innovations, the available evidence currently points to the conclusion that evaluative conditioning effects do not…
Descriptors: Conditioning, Evaluation, Contingency Management, Association (Psychology)
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Wickelgren, Wayne A. – Psychological Review, 1979
Horizontal vs vertical associative memory is defined. Vertical associative memory involves chunking--specifying new nodes representing combinations of old nodes. Chunking is the basis of semantic memory and cognitive learning. The hippocampal (limbic) arousal system is critical to the chunking process; its disruption produces the amnesic syndrome.…
Descriptors: Association (Psychology), Associative Learning, Cognitive Processes, Conditioning