In light of the widespread adoption of technology-enhanced learning and assessment platforms, there is a growing demand for innovative, high-quality, and diverse assessment questions. Automatic Question Generation (AQG) has emerged as a valuable solution, enabling educators and assessment developers to efficiently produce a large volume of test…

Predicting student performance in international large-scale assessments (ILSAs) is crucial for understanding educational outcomes on a global scale. ILSAs, such as the Program for International Student Assessment and the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study, serve as vital tools for policymakers, educators, and researchers to…