Children aged 3 to 8 years old and adults were tested on a reality–fantasy distinction task. They had to judge whether particular entities were real or fantastical, and response times were collected. We further manipulated whether the entity is a specific character or a generic fantastical entity. The results indicate that children, unlike adults,…

This study continued to replicate and extend research dealing with children's perceptions of vulnerability to health problems. Responses of 774 children, 8 to 17 years old, to 15 questions about the likelihood of encountering various health problems confirmed previous results indicating that perceived vulnerability is consistent across health…

Filmed 30 infants monthly between one and seven months of age where mothers or unfamiliar women responded to their cries by picking up or talking to the infants. Results suggest that infants develop conditioned associations among distress-relief patterns by one month, and cognitive expectations by four or five months. (Author/BB)