One of the core aims of inquiry-based learning (IBL) approaches to history education is to help students grasp how historical knowledge is constructed. Thus, IBL applications are usually justified through reference to expert historians' research practices. We argue that the current body of empirical research on historians' practices is limited in…

Many studies investigating inquiry learning in science domains have appeared over the years. Throughout this period, inquiry learning has been regularly criticized by scholars who favor direct instruction over inquiry learning. In this vein, Zhang, Kirschner, Cobern, and Sweller (2022) recently asserted that direct instruction is overall superior…

Current science education reforms and the new standards (Next Generation Science Standards [NGSS], 2013) advocate that K-12 students gain proficiency in the knowledge-generating practices of scientists. These practices include argumentation, modeling, and coordinating evidence with theories and models. Practice-based instruction is very different…