This study investigated the optimal feedback intervals for tasks of varying difficulty levels in online testing and whether task difficulty moderates the effect of feedback intervals on student performance. A pre-experimental study with 36 students was conducted to determine the delayed time for providing feedback based on student behavioral data.…

Feedback significantly impacts learning outcomes, yet interindividual differences in feedback preferences remain understudied. We postulate and test a fitting feedback framework assuming that feedback framings matching personal preferences produce positive effects. We conducted two learning experiments including feedback representing different…

This study aims to explore how e-textbooks with emotional design affect students' emotion, cognitive load and learning achievement. There were 147 freshman students in total: the experimental group I, II and control group consisted of 49, 47 and 51 students, using e-textbooks with emotional design, without emotional design and traditional paper…

Emotion and focus of children during handwriting are essential for language learning. Handwriting for young children is challenging because it needs deep motivation and willingness to complete the task regardless of its difficulty. Recently, emerged haptic guidance systems have a good potential to offer children a better sense of engagement to…

Virtual reality (VR) technology has greatly expanded its role in education. It provides immersive experiences that enhance learning across various disciplines. Understanding the role of emotions in technology-based learning environments is crucial for improving educational outcomes. This study aimed to explore how VR environments evoke university…

This study investigated pedagogical agent (with/without) and feedback (explanatory/confirmatory) types on achievement, flow experience, and cognitive load in a digital game-based learning environment. We developed a game about spreadsheets and prepared four versions of the game in the context of pedagogical agent and feedback types. Through the…

This study proposes that the gestures of an agent tutor in a multimedia learning environment can generate positive and negative emotions in learners and influence their cognitive processes. To achieve this, we developed and integrated positive and negative agent tutor gestures in a multimedia learning environment directed by cognitive gestures.…

Previous studies in higher education have found that a considerable number of students do not access feedback. Here, we use assessment system data on nearly 300,000 assignment submissions to statistically analyze demographic and timing factors leading to lower likelihood of feedback collection. The most significant factors were student…

Educational robots represent a unique form of teacher presence. Exploring how the communication features of robot instructors affect student learning experience could contribute to the advancement of educational robots. This study examined the impact of speech rate, voice type, and emotional tone of robots on students' cognitive load, attitudes…

As computer-based tests become more common, there is a growing wealth of metadata related to examinees' response processes, which include solution strategies, concentration, and operating speed. One common type of metadata is item response time. While response times have been used extensively to improve estimates of achievement, little work…

Students are commonly in a high cognitive load state when they encounter sophisticated knowledge. Whether the novel augmented reality (AR) technology can be utilized in an online learning course to explain complicated scientific concepts in a more understandable manner to students during the COVID-19 period is an unaddressed issue. This study aims…

In regular dance teaching, teachers find it difficult to pay attention to and meet the specific needs of each student. Extended-reality (XR) has the potential to help students get more information to dance learning. This study developed an XR interactive learning system to assist teachers in dance teaching, and explored the impact of XR on the…

Despite large investments of human and financial resources in college student success, the 6-year graduation rate for US public universities remains at approximately 60% (NCES, 2018). In an effort to understand faculty roles in mitigating and exacerbating student learning, we interviewed 50 students from two public universities in the US Mid-west…

Student response systems (SRSs) increase the engagement of students by supporting them to participate in the course and thus contribute to their academic achievement. However, in most of the experimental studies in which the effects of SRSs were investigated, details on how to integrate SRSs into the course were not provided. This study aimed to…

In this research, we use a process data analysis approach to gather additional evidence about students' argumentation skills beyond their performance scores in a computer-based assessment. This game-enhanced scenario-based assessment (named Seaball) included five activities that require students to demonstrate their argumentation skills within a…